The Talmud on Logos Bible Software

Jacob Neusner

I recently read in an article by Michael Brown,

According to b. Yoma 39b, God did not accept the sacrifices that were offered on the Day of Atonement for the last forty years before the destruction of the [Second] Temple (this was known to the people by means of a series of special signs, all of which turned up negative for those forty years; see b. Yoma 39a). The Temple was destroyed in 70 c.e., so from 30 to 70 c.e., a period of forty years, the annual atonement sacrifices were not accepted. What great event happened in the year 30? Jesus was rejected and nailed to a cross! Is it possible that God no longer accepted the atonement sacrifices because the Messiah had offered himself as the perfect, final sacrifice? [1]

He cites a couple of references to the Babylonian Talmud as a source for point.  In the past, I couldn't quickly and conveniently look up his source to read it firsthand.  But with Logos recently releasing Neusner's translation of both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, this problem is no more.  A quick look up and I was able to read:

He said to them, "Every Day of Atonement, appears to me an old man dressed in white and cloaked in white, who enters with me and goes forth with me [to and from the Holy of Holies], while this year an old man appeared to me dressed in black and cloaked in black, who went in with me but did not come out with me."

E. After the Festival of Tabernacles, he fell ill for seven days, and then he died. His brothers the priests refused to pronounce the divine name when bestowing the priestly benediction.

II.5

A.

Our rabbis have taught on Tannaite authority:

B. Forty years before the destruction of the sanctuary, the lot did not come up in the right hand, and the thread of crimson never turned white, and the westernmost light never shone, and the doors of the courtyard would open by themselves,

C. until Rabban Yohanan b. Zakkai rebuked them. He said, "Temple, Temple, why will you yourself give the alarm [that you are going to be destroyed? You don’t have to, because] I know that in the end you are destined to be destroyed. For Zechariah b. EIdo has already prophesied concerning you: ‘Open your doors, Lebanon, that fire may devour your cedars’ (Zech. 11:1)." [2]

Yay.

[1] Brown, M. L. (2000). Answering Jewish objections to Jesus, Volume 1: General and historical objections. (74). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books.
[2]  Neusner, J. (2011). Vol. 5a: The Babylonian Talmud: A Translation and Commentary (141–142). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.

Who are the Sons of Abraham?

There has been much debate over who are the People of God, the Israel of God, the Sons of Abraham, the Seed of Abraham.

In my view, after many centuries, the People of the World had largely lost their understanding of God and His ways. Israel came into being when a Gentile, Abraham, decided to follow God by faith and became the first member of God’s people.  They were to be called Abraham’s Seed or the Sons of Abraham. 

These people were to become a “blessing” to all the other people of the world. The nature of this blessing is described as being a light to draw all the people of the world back to God. God intended that this nation would eventually encompass all ethnicities as more people came back into covenant fellowship with God. As time passed, God’s people came to be known as Israel. 

Their numbers grew predominantly through natural breeding and as a small number of Gentiles joined their ranks. As further time passed, birth and the signs of the Covenant became “identity markers” that demonstrated membership in this People.   The idea that faith and obedience as the key factor for admission into the People of God, faded  in the People's memory.  

For many, outward tradition had often displaced internal faith and personal engagement with God. Thus the prophets began to speak about “circumcised hearts.” Over time, with Israel being overrun repeatedly by invaders, the fear of assimilation and loss of national identity made many take aggressive action to ward against these dangers. This included, focusing inwardly to preserve the Torah and their national customs; putting up social barriers to prevent social interaction with Gentiles; not developing a missionary theology; and in some quarters, even teaching that the Torah is not for Gentiles.
 
In the conventional Christian view of the Sons of Abraham, 

1. Only the Church are the legitimate Sons of Abraham because it alone is based on faith (Gal 3.7). 
2. Thus the promises to Israel are inherited by the Church (Rom 8.16). 
3. However the Abrahamic (Gen 12), Mosaic (Exo 20) and Davidic Covenants (2 Sa 16) have been replaced by the New Covenant (Jer 31.31).   
4. Under this new covenant, the written Torah has been replaced by a Torah of the Spirit, that is only written upon the heart. (eg. Rom 8.12ff)
5. Any observance of the Torah is obeying the letter of the law and is a reversion to legalism (2 Co 3.4); and undoes the work of Christ (Gal 2.21), who brings into an age of Spirit and Truth (Joh 4.24) versus the prior age of legalism and mindless tradition (Col 2.8).

Replacement Theology is based on these ideas.  It is the notion that Believers in Jesus Christ as the Messiah have replaced the People of Israel as the People of God. Adherents to Replacement Theology hold to the view that the unfulfilled biblical promises made to Israel are now inherited by the Church. The People of Israel and the idea of the State of Israel are no longer relevant in God’s future plans, claiming that all of the world is God’s. 

An alternative view may be fashioned from what I have gleaned from my First Century Hebraic studies:

1. Abraham is the first of many Gentiles who form the People of God by answering His call on their lives with faith and obedience. 
2. His Covenant is the first of several covenants between God and Abraham's Seed.
3. Each covenant has commandments, as well as consequential blessings and curses depending on obedience or disobedience. 
4. Each covenant is between God and Israel
5. Each covenant is enduring and eternal.
6. Each covenant was an expansion of the one preceding it. 
7. No covenant abrogated its predecessor. 
8. Each time Israel fell into disobedience, the covenant was renewed (eg Exo 20 cf Exo 34).
9. The text translated as “new covenant” in Jer 31 could also be translated as “renewed covenant.” 
10. Entry into the People of God has always been based on faith. The OT has always deplored outward obedience in the absence of an inward love of God (Deu 30.6). Such a perspective is not an NT innovation (Col 2.11).
11. The people of God were always to be a nation of kingly priests (Exo 19.6 and 1 Pe 2.9).
12. New entrants to the People of God were to be treated impartially and they were to observe the same Torah as they (Lev 19).  After several generations, these "Aliens" would be indistinguishable from the incumbent believers.
13. The manifestation of the Holy Spirit demonstrated that the traditions of the Jews were false and that God had returned to first principles (Gal 3.5).
14. Circumcision of the flesh was not the means by which Gentiles entered Israel but by faith just as Abraham, the Gentile, had done in the past (Rom 2.29-29; Gal 3.6ff). Thus Circumcision was not a sign of entry (but an act of obedience following entry.

Thus in this formulation, all the covenants that are applicable to the conventional People of Israel are applicable to the People of God as defined here. 

Conclusion

The People of God, are those who respond positively to God's call with faith and obedience. Taking Race into consideration is a red herring. The Seed of Abraham are those who God credits with Righteousness. The Seed of Abraham are the People of God or Israel. Membership of this Nation is based on faith and obedience not race or ethnicity. The culture of these people is shaped by the Bible which sets out God's ways for living. Obedience to the Bible and its commandments is not "legalism" but an act of faith.

Under this formulation, gone are the gymnastics required to figure out which covenants are applicable to "Gentile" believers.  The People of God were all at one time "Gentiles."  For a Gentile is by definition a non-believer.  The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob has no grandchildren.